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- Act 3 Scene 4
-
- Kent has led Lear and the fool to a little shelter.
- Lear speaks his thoughts about human suffering.
- The fool is frightened by a madman ù who is in
- fact the disguised Edgar. Edgar keeps up his
- pretence of madness whilst he is talking to Lear,
- but this encounter finally drives the king
- completely out of his mind. Gloucester comes in
- search of the king, offering him more suitable
- accommodation. He tells Kent (whom he does not
- recognize) of his own grief, and then tries to take
- the king away. Lear, however, refuses to be
- separated from Poor Tom. At last, the mad king,
- the disguised beggar, and the fool are all
- shepherded away to the safety of a nearby
- farmhouse.
- 2 open night: night in the open air.
- 4 Wilt . . . heart?: Lear wants to remain
- outside in the storm so that physical discomfort
- will take his mind off his mental suffering, which
- will otherwise break his heart.
- 8 the greater malady: i.e. his daughtersÆ
- ingratitude.
- is fixed: has taken root.
- 9 the lesser: i.e. the storm.
- 11 iÆthÆmouth: head-on.
- free: at ease.
- 12 delicate: sensitive.
- 13 all feeling else: any other feeling.
- 14 beats . . . ingratitude: i.e. his heart which
- has been broken by filial ingratitude.
- 16 home: thoroughly.
- 20 frank: generous.
- 26 houseless poverty: poor homeless people.
- In, boy . . . sleep: om. Q.
- 27 pray: Lear is in fact praying to the victims
- (perhaps asking their forgiveness).
- 29 bide: endure.
- 30 unfed sides: starving bodies.
- 31 looped and windowed raggedness: rags
- full of holes and openings (Elizabethan windows
- were usually unglazed).
- 33 Take physic, pomp: let every proud and
- pompous man purge himself.
- 35 superflux: superfluous possessions.
- 36 and . . . just: show how things can be
- more fairly distributed.
- 37 Fathom . . . Tom: om. Q.
- Fathom and half: Edgar calls the depth of the
- rainwater as though he were a sailor.
- 39 spirit: evil spirit, i.e. devil; it was
- popularly supposed that those who were mad were
- possessed by the devil.
- 51 halters: ropes to hang himself; these, with
- ôknivesö and poison (ôratsbaneö) were
- traditionally offered by the devil to lead men to
- despair and suicide.
- pew: gallery.
- 52 porridge: broth.
- 53 trotting-horse: high-stepping horse.
- four-inched bridges: tiny bridges used to train
- horses to lift their feet when trotting.
- 54 course . . . traitor. chases his own
- shadow thinking it is a traitor. bless thy five wits:
- i.e. common wit, imagination, fantasy, estimation,
- and memory.
- 55 TomÆs a-cold: The cry of the Bedlam
- beggar.
- O . . . do de: The fool is probably shivering.
- 56 star-blasting: coming under the influence
- of an evil star.
- taking: infection
- 57 There: The beggar hunts for lice, and
- aims a blow at the imaginary spirit.
- 59 pass: distress.
- 62 shamed: embarrassed.
- 63 all . . . faults: There was a belief that
- diseases were stored up in the air until it was time
- for them to be poured down to punish sinners.
- 64 light: alight.
- 66 subdued nature: reduced his natural
- powers.
- 68 discarded: cast off.
- 69 little . . . flesh: Lear may refer either to
- the pins and thorns stuck in Poor TomÆs flesh (2,
- 2, 179), or to those in his own mind ù or to both.
- 70 Judicious: fitting, well-judged
- begot: bred.
- 71 pelican: The young birds were thought to
- devour the flesh of their parents.
- 72 Pillicock: the word (referring either to a
- loved one, or to the penis) was probably suggested
- by LearÆs ôpelicanö.
- 73 The fool now has the commonsense line.
- 74 obey . . . array: Edgar recites a kind of
- catechism.
- keep thy wordsÆ justice: be true to your word.
- 75, 76 commit . . . spouse: do not commit
- adultery with one who has promised to be another
- manÆs wife.
- 76 proud array: fine clothing.
- 80 curled my hair. Edgar claims to have
- been a courtier, not a common servant.
- wore . . . cap: i.e. favours from his mistress.
- 81 act of darkness: fornication.
- 83 slept . . . lust: made lustful plots in my
- dreams.
- 85 dice: gambling.
- out-paramoured: had more mistresses than.
- 86 the Turk: the Sultan of Turkey.
- light of ear ready to believe anything.
- 86, 87, 88 hog . . . prey: Edgar accuses himself of
- all the deadly sins ù which were often figured as
- animals; the dog represents madness through the
- association with rabies.
- 88 creaking: squeaking (made of new
- leather).
- 90 plackets: the openings in womenÆs
- petticoats.
- 91 lendersÆ books: money-lendersÆ books.
- 93 suum . . . nonny: He imitates the noise of
- the wind.
- Dauphin . . . by: words of encouragement for a
- horse.
- 95 Thou wert better. it would be more
- comfortable for you.
- answer. confront.
- extremity: extreme severity.
- 98 worm: silkworm.
- beast: ox.
- 99 cat: civet-cat, giving musk for perfumes.
- onÆs: of us.
- 100 sophisticated: adulterated, disguised; the
- pure humanity of nakedness is adulterated with
- clothing.
- 100, 101 unaccommodated man: the human
- creature with none of the ôlendingsö of civilization.
- 101 forked: two-legged.
- 102 lendings: clothes lent by animals.
- 103 unbutton here: Lear wishes to identify
- himself with ôPoor Tomö and the ôpoor naked
- wretchesö of line 28.
- 104 naughty: wicked.
- 105 a little fire: The fool catches sight of an
- approaching torch.
- 108 Flibbertigibbet: one of the evil spirits
- named in Harsnett.
- 109 curfew . . . first cock: dusk to dawn; when
- the first cock crows, all evil spirits must withdraw
- from the world of the living.
- 109 the web and the pin: cataract of the eye.
- 110 hare-lip: a birth-defect.
- 111 white wheat: almost ripened corn.
- 113 Swithin . . . aroint thee: As protection
- against the spirit, the fool recites a rhyme
- describing how St Withold, having gone three
- times round the weald (= upland plains, the downs;
- wold ù ôoldö ù is probably a dialect
- pronunciation), subdued a demon and her nine
- followers: he made her promise (ôher troth plightö)
- to obey him, and ordered her to be gone (ôarointö).
- 122 wall-newt: lizard.
- water. water-newt.
- 124 ditch-dog: dead dog lying in the ditch.
- 125 green mantle: scum.
- standing: stagnant.
- 126 tithing: hamlet containing ten households.
- 127 three suits: the serving manÆs allowance,
- see note on 2, 2, 14.
- 130 deer: game.
- 132 follower: familiar spirit, devil.
- Smulkin: Another name suggested by Harsnett,
- like ôModoö and ôMahuö.
- 136 Our . . . gets it: nowadays the children
- hate their parents.
- 138 suffer: bear.
- 144 philosopher: i.e. a natural scientist, who
- might have been able to answer the question of
- line 145.
- 147 learned Theban: EdgarÆs blanket now
- suggests the robes of a Greek scholar from Thebes.
- 148 study: subject of research.
- 149 prevent: avoid.
- 157 outlawed from my blood: cast out of my
- inheritance and forced to become an outlaw.
- sought my life: tried to kill me.
- 158 But lately: very recently.
- 161 cry you mercy: I beg your pardon.
- 163 Gloucester does not intend to include
- Poor Tom in his rescue mission to the king.
- 164 With him: Lear refuses to be separated
- from his new friend.
- 166 soothe: humour.
- 167 Gloucester still refuses to touch the
- beggar.
- 169 Athenian: philosopher from Athens.
- 170 Child . . . man: As the little party moves
- towards GloucesterÆs castle (which is itself a ôdark
- towerö), the nonsense rhyme intensifies the terror.
- Child Rowland: Prince Roland, the nephew of
- Charlemagne, and chivalric hero of The Song of
- Roland.
- 171 word: password.
- still: always.
- Fie . . . man: These are the GiantÆs words from the
- story of ôJack the Giant-killerö; it has been
- suggested that ôBritishö here (instead of the usual
- ôEnglishö) is a tribute to King JamesÆs unification
- of the realm in 1603.
-
-